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Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. (1): (April 24, 1883. Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. Omissions? During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England - Goodreads How did a precariously enthroned ruler, lacking a police force or a standing army, manage to run roughshod over the law? After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. What old December's bareness every where! [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Consultant editor for the. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. What did the people of England think of Henry VIII? - eNotes.com Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. ||sitemap_index.xml Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Henry VII: The Winter King. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. Henry VII: Winter King - A Review and Rundown - The Anne Boleyn Files Updates? This definitely was not that. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. I would read more by this author. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. 8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII - HISTORY [29] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. Henry VIII and the Break with Rome Timeline - History We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . Henry VII | Biography & Facts | Britannica The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's reign [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. Henry VII: Winter King, BBC Two, review - The Telegraph According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. 1509. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". After winning the throne of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist king Edward IV. "King Henry VII" redirects here. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. BBC - History - Henry VIII: Majesty with Menace For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. Why was Henry VII called the "Winter King"? - Quora King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. It was no easy feat. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. Reasonably interesting overview of the reign of Henry VII of England. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged.