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Gold PE. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Article Vorobyov et al. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. 2015;28:1324. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU 2013;34:58998. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. daily life. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2011;31:2293301. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. PubMed Central Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Smythe JW, Costall B. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 1992;6:379. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2016;397:2239. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. 2011;18:32533. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 2011;343:5224. 2015;91:30611. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Lai et al. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. . EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. J Natl Cancer Inst. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Gene. Article For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. BMJ. P Nat Acad. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Verma et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Behav Brain Res. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Neuroscience. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. 2003;80:177. 1988;9:33745. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. 2013;17:711. Radiat Res. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Clinics. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1994;8:714. 2010;28:445. 2006;27:16471. 2012;31:25074. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014;53:22230. 1992;114:16202. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. PubMed Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Wang et al. Behav Brain Res. Neurosci Lett. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2000;11:16413. JAMA. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Google Scholar. PubMed Central Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017;326:291. Neuroreport. 1975;148:1723. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Bioelectromagnetics. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. 2007;27:6024. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Biomed Environ Sci. J Electromagnet Anal. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Google Scholar. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Surg Neurol. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare 2002;64:31353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. PubMed Dasdag et al. 2005;161:52635. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2010;1347:17985. 2000;6:18793. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. By using this website, you agree to our Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Int J Radiat Biol. Google Scholar. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 2016;25:31827. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Radiat Res. 2013;34:26474. 2001;12:72931. millimeter, or equivalently. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Megha et al. 2014;70:84555. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 1997;44:99104. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2006;98:170713. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Mortazavi et al. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Cite this article. 2002;5:18995. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Bioelectromagnetics. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. CAS Microwave Health Effects 2008;22:9927. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. J Neurosci. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . J Radiat Proc. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2007;96:218196. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2017;52:23947. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. CAS 2006;12:44651. Behav Brain Res. Electromagn Biol Med. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Appl Biochem Biotechnol. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. 1994;10:13548. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients.