Eaton County District Court Register Of Actions, Why Did Noel Not See His Daughters In 7 Years, Articles H

Another thing to do is stir the mash to aerate or dump between clean brew buckets. Stay tuned until the end to see how I used fining agents to clarify the sugar wine. Add cool water and/or ice until you're at a volume of about 6.6 gallons, cooling the "sugar water" mixture so that it reaches 100 F. Take a hydrometer reading to find out your specific gravity (and write it down! ._2a172ppKObqWfRHr8eWBKV{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;margin-right:8px}._39-woRduNuowN7G4JTW4I8{margin-top:12px}._136QdRzXkGKNtSQ-h1fUru{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:8px 0;width:100%}.r51dfG6q3N-4exmkjHQg_{font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.5px;line-height:12px;text-transform:uppercase;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.r51dfG6q3N-4exmkjHQg_,._2BnLYNBALzjH6p_ollJ-RF{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}._2BnLYNBALzjH6p_ollJ-RF{margin-left:auto}._1-25VxiIsZFVU88qFh-T8p{padding:0}._2nxyf8XcTi2UZsUInEAcPs._2nxyf8XcTi2UZsUInEAcPs{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetTextColor)} feast at lele vegetarian menu. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'coalitionbrewing_com-leader-3','ezslot_15',155,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-leader-3-0');If your sugar wash is not bubbling, its likely because your yeast wasnt activated properly. Sweeten up this years Valentines Day celebration by making this luscious truffle recipe topped with a scrumptious helping of probiotic whipped cream. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'coalitionbrewing_com-leader-4','ezslot_16',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-leader-4-0');That being said, it is also possible that your wash is not bubbling due to the temperature or the concentration of the sugar, which both have to be optimized for fermentation to occur. Sometimes, bubbles can nucleate on the hydrometer, which artificially will raise its level above a true reading. If the environment is suitable, it is possible that the yeast has been compromised and is not working properly. Whatever the cause, its best to call an experienced repair person to take a look. Use with 8kg of sugar for high ABV (up to 20%!) This article was co-authored by Tom Blake.Tom Blake manages the bartending blog, craftybartending.com. Furthermore, if the distillation process was not of the highest quality, there may also be contaminants that could make the drinking of a distilled sugar wash dangerous. Fermented mash can typically sit for up to two weeks as long as it is kept at the right temperature (ideally around 68-72F). The pitching temperature was 37C and the ambient air temp is 17C (and has been 17C so far for the whole fermentation). A thorough stirring helps keep the hot spots from forming, which can lead to poor quality wort. Bought myself a vacuum pump to save me the work. If you really want to look at a wine degasser that uses a drill. Specifically formulated to ferment 6kg of sugar across a wide range of temperatures, while still producing a clean tasting spirit. Awesomefirepotato 2 yr. ago. Fermentation is complete when the yeast has used up all of the dextrose/sugar. Dissolve sugar, adding more hot water if required. In short, the length of time your sugar wash can sit before distillation depends on the ambient temperature, the alcohol content, the container used for storage, the amount of sugar used, and potential contamination risks. Uncategorized. Clean and sanitize all the equipment using equipment cleaner according to package directions. Bring two gallons of water to a boil and add to fermenter. Posted March 8, 2014. Rack to a buck or carboy and use the wine whip to get rid of all of the co2. When the sediment has settled, pour off the water from the top slowly to avoid disturbing the sediment at the bottom. Finally, stirring the mash helps to break up the grain husks, allowing more of the sugars to dissolve and extract more of your desired flavors. There's a reason why all pro stills use one, after all (and I know an agitator also helps speed up / regularize boiling). Once the campden has done its job, the cultured yeast can be pitched and an airlock attached. However, if it seems fruity, the beverage contains only ethanol and is safe for . revlon flex conditioner review; is frankenstein 1931 movie public domain; Popular whole corn recipes have a saving grace in that even though the recommended feed grain type has been degerminated there's some oil in almost every part of that grain, and oils help lower foaming. After adding the yeast and mash to a bucket or carboy, dissolve some distillers yeast in it to start the fermentation process. I thought it was only for wine making. Or a good scale and accurate volumetric flask. Then add 6 kg (13.2 lb) of Turbo Sugar/Sugar or 7 kg (15 lb) of Dextrose to the warm water in the fermenter and stir well to dissolve. ut neurology residents. Insert the hydrometer slowly not allowing it to drop. If youre using a neutral yeast, its possible to boost the ABV higher again up to 15 18%. The length of time that sugar wash can sit before distilling depends on several factors. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Transfer to a glass jug with a small mouth like a carboy with an air lock. To achieve wash. To achieve sugar content of 15-20%, add 3-4 liters of water (0.6:3*100=20% or 0.6:4*100=15%) and 100 grams of pressed or 20 grams of dry yeast per 1 kilo of sugar. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Visually Inspect Your Wine. It is not in an environment that is agreeable. degassing is usually just before clarifying. ._12xlue8dQ1odPw1J81FIGQ{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} Remove from heat and let cool to room temperature. Forgot to mention the ultimate defoaming ._3K2ydhts9_ES4s9UpcXqBi{display:block;padding:0 16px;width:100%} As a general rule try to make the yeastie beasties work as thoroughly and efficiently as possible, like in when using L/DME use some beano or amyloglucosidase enzymes to make sure you've lowered the sugar's complexity to basic yeast levels. ._38lwnrIpIyqxDfAF1iwhcV{background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-lineColor);border:none;height:1px;margin:16px 0}._37coyt0h8ryIQubA7RHmUc{margin-top:12px;padding-top:12px}._2XJvPvYIEYtcS4ORsDXwa3,._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE,.icon._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE{border-radius:100%;box-sizing:border-box;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;margin-right:8px}._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE,.icon._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100%;height:54px;width:54px;font-size:54px;line-height:54px}._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE._1uo2TG25LvAJS3bl-u72J4,.icon._2Vkdik1Q8k0lBEhhA_lRKE._1uo2TG25LvAJS3bl-u72J4{filter:blur()}.eGjjbHtkgFc-SYka3LM3M,.icon.eGjjbHtkgFc-SYka3LM3M{border-radius:100%;box-sizing:border-box;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;margin-right:8px;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100%;height:36px;width:36px}.eGjjbHtkgFc-SYka3LM3M._1uo2TG25LvAJS3bl-u72J4,.icon.eGjjbHtkgFc-SYka3LM3M._1uo2TG25LvAJS3bl-u72J4{filter:blur()}._3nzVPnRRnrls4DOXO_I0fn{margin:auto 0 auto auto;padding-top:10px;vertical-align:middle}._3nzVPnRRnrls4DOXO_I0fn ._1LAmcxBaaqShJsi8RNT-Vp i{color:unset}._2bWoGvMqVhMWwhp4Pgt4LP{margin:16px 0;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px}.icon.tWeTbHFf02PguTEonwJD0{margin-right:4px;vertical-align:top}._2AbGMsrZJPHrLm9e-oyW1E{width:180px;text-align:center}.icon._1cB7-TWJtfCxXAqqeyVb2q{cursor:pointer;margin-left:6px;height:14px;fill:#dadada;font-size:12px;vertical-align:middle}.hpxKmfWP2ZiwdKaWpefMn{background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-active);background-size:cover;background-image:var(--newCommunityTheme-banner-backgroundImage);background-position-y:center;background-position-x:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;border-radius:3px 3px 0 0;height:34px;margin:-12px -12px 10px}._20Kb6TX_CdnePoT8iEsls6{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:8px}._20Kb6TX_CdnePoT8iEsls6>*{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.t9oUK2WY0d28lhLAh3N5q{margin-top:-23px}._2KqgQ5WzoQRJqjjoznu22o{display:inline-block;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;position:relative}._2D7eYuDY6cYGtybECmsxvE{-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}._2D7eYuDY6cYGtybECmsxvE:hover{text-decoration:underline}._19bCWnxeTjqzBElWZfIlJb{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;display:inline-block}._2TC7AdkcuxFIFKRO_VWis8{margin-left:10px;margin-top:30px}._2TC7AdkcuxFIFKRO_VWis8._35WVFxUni5zeFkPk7O4iiB{margin-top:35px}._1LAmcxBaaqShJsi8RNT-Vp{padding:0 2px 0 4px;vertical-align:middle}._2BY2-wxSbNFYqAy98jWyTC{margin-top:10px}._3sGbDVmLJd_8OV8Kfl7dVv{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:21px;margin-top:8px;word-wrap:break-word}._1qiHDKK74j6hUNxM0p9ZIp{margin-top:12px}.Jy6FIGP1NvWbVjQZN7FHA,._326PJFFRv8chYfOlaEYmGt,._1eMniuqQCoYf3kOpyx83Jj,._1cDoUuVvel5B1n5wa3K507{-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:12px;width:100%}._1eMniuqQCoYf3kOpyx83Jj{margin-bottom:8px}._2_w8DCFR-DCxgxlP1SGNq5{margin-right:4px;vertical-align:middle}._1aS-wQ7rpbcxKT0d5kjrbh{border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;padding:4px}._2cn386lOe1A_DTmBUA-qSM{border-top:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-lineColor);margin-top:10px}._2Zdkj7cQEO3zSGHGK2XnZv{display:inline-block}.wzFxUZxKK8HkWiEhs0tyE{font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-button);cursor:pointer;text-align:left;margin-top:2px}._3R24jLERJTaoRbM_vYd9v0._3R24jLERJTaoRbM_vYd9v0._3R24jLERJTaoRbM_vYd9v0{display:none}.yobE-ux_T1smVDcFMMKFv{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}._1vPW2g721nsu89X6ojahiX{margin-top:12px}._pTJqhLm_UAXS5SZtLPKd{text-transform:none} This allows air to flow in and out of the jar, but prevents dust or insects from getting into the jar. I'm not even intending on drinking this garbage anymore once its distilled I'll just use it to preserve insects and sanitize hands but I want to at least have it finish dry! By adding more liquid (not vinegar!) I'm using DADY, I've brought it up from the cold basement for the past 2 weeks so it can stay at 80F and be more active, I tossed Monoammonium phosphate in there, lemon juice, boiled yeast, black tea, Epsom salts, tomato paste, what more can I try? I can get a sugar wash down to about 0.998 SG but running early wont hurt. He has been a bartender since 2012 and has written a book named The Bartender's Field Manual. It will naturally happen as you start the boil. Every time I toss more shit in it bubbles faster and faster but still always seems like I cant really taste the alcohol for all the sweetness. It is important to pre-hydrate the yeast because it helps kickstart the fermentation process. 1- is this a normal amount of effort to degass? it helps clarify the wash but that's not needed with a simple sugar wash either. It's why meth. I also wouldn't be too quick to write it off as garbage. Lab 04: Respiration & Fermentation Objectives. The wash which is ready for . Hard water may interfere with the formation of acid and prevent pickles from properly curing. The first batch is controlled with a pH buffer we made from citric acid and sodium hydroxide. Additionally, place the yeast into the mash at 70F (21C) or less and wait 15 minutes before stirring it in. If you're worried about it because you're using a really full still charge, I'd say toss it in your still and hold it at ~130 degrees for awhile, and that'll take care of any dissolved gases. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Heat the alcohol and water in a still until they separate. We stock a wide variety of malts, grains, hops and yeast. . Always degass your samples before measuring them. 6.) 3.) Methanol is produced more from grains and their husks and organic fibers. According to the instructions it's like 5 to 7 days. 5 to 3 hours, depending on the factors mentioned above. day 7 still you add sugar and stir in thoroughly, take a reading, record the reading, let's say the reading is 1.020 Sp. Moonshine mash must be stirred for the entire duration of the mash time in order to ensure that the nutrients from the grain are extracted efficiently and that the yeast strain used is functioning at its optimum level. If need be, use a Brew Belt to help keep temperature at 75F in cooler places . Not needed, but expedites the clearing process. Cover and place inside the microwave or any dark warmish place. Wash and peel the raw papaya and then cut it into quarters. Bubbles could be CO2 coming out of solution because warmer water holds less CO2. Thanks. Just go off of gravity readings, when it is below 1.0 and the readings are stable it has finished fermenting. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. What is the safest medication for anxiety and depression. Another is to eat something fatty, like cheese or nuts. Whats in the bottom of the Starbucks cold brew can? It's been so long why will this thing not finish? In a temperature of 65 - 72 degrees the first stage bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, are happiest. After the boiling process is complete and the liquid is cooled down, it is then ready for storage or further dilution if needed. All about the 3 major steps in the alcohol distillation process. In other words, the higher sugar concentration . 1.) Slightly crush peeled garlic cloves. Put your containers in a dark place. ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);transition:left .15s linear;border-radius:57%;width:57%}._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS:after{content:"";padding-top:100%;display:block}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-navIconFaded10);border:2px solid transparent;border-radius:100px;cursor:pointer;position:relative;width:35px;transition:border-color .15s linear,background-color .15s linear}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-navIconFaded10)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-active)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-buttonAlpha10)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1asGWL2_XadHoBuUlNArOq{border-width:2.25px;height:24px;width:37.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1asGWL2_XadHoBuUlNArOq ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:19.5px;width:19.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1hku5xiXsbqzLmszstPyR3{border-width:3px;height:32px;width:50px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1hku5xiXsbqzLmszstPyR3 ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:26px;width:26px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._10hZCcuqkss2sf5UbBMCSD{border-width:3.75px;height:40px;width:62.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._10hZCcuqkss2sf5UbBMCSD ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:32.5px;width:32.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1fCdbQCDv6tiX242k80-LO{border-width:4.5px;height:48px;width:75px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1fCdbQCDv6tiX242k80-LO ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:39px;width:39px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._2Jp5Pv4tgpAsTcnUzTsXgO{border-width:5.25px;height:56px;width:87.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._2Jp5Pv4tgpAsTcnUzTsXgO ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:45.5px;width:45.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI{-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-active)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{cursor:default}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{box-shadow:none}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-buttonAlpha10)} Hows your sanitization? Posted on . Brett makes a good point above. Would CO2 coming out of solution produce days on end of vigorous bubbling? Also, if youre using an active yeast strain that could benefit from stirring, then occasional stirring can help ensure a healthy fermentation. However, by using a turbo yeast, its possible to boost this to 12 14% ABV. Not enough nutrients in the wort to sustain yeast activity. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. i figure it's done or done enough.twice a day i swirl it around and theres a big pressure release.hasn't been a pressure release in 24 hrs. If your washing machine isnt working properly, it could be due to a clogged filter, a broken belt, or a malfunctioning agitator or motor. Bring two gallons of water to a boil and add to fermenter. During this time, the yeast will feed on the maltose and form a protective layer of foam on the surface, further preventing oxygen from entering the mash. After fermentation takes place, the paste (the mash) becomes the wash and at this point, another reading is taken so as to know the amount of sugar that was turned into alcohol by the yeast. Refrigeration slows down food spoilage; I think we all know this. How long should you ferment your wash before distilling it? At less than 2 hours it should be foaming intensely. Complex sugar washes like those from malt, especially when fermented exclusively by beer yeast are known foamers, for example. If you're unsure or experimenting with a new wash just increase your planned headspace in the boiler or design some foam condensing apparatus to place in the lower vapor path. To use campden tablets, add one crushed tablet per gallon of cider and allow the mixture to sit for 24 -36 hours. Unless youre going for a sparklng wine. They will autolyze and cause funky smells/flavors. The fermenting container should not be metal or have scratches or cracks which could harbor harmful bacteria. And its easier to clear your wash than to scrub down your boiler. Not fun when you are down on the floor, and the phone rings in the other room. I confess to a personal fetish for this round one. Heat in the microwave until it feels exactly at body temperature, like a baby's formula. 1. I highly suggest a simple sugar wash as your first strides into fermentation, due to its ease and relatively low risk of mistakes. ._2cHgYGbfV9EZMSThqLt2tx{margin-bottom:16px;border-radius:4px}._3Q7WCNdCi77r0_CKPoDSFY{width:75%;height:24px}._2wgLWvNKnhoJX3DUVT_3F-,._3Q7WCNdCi77r0_CKPoDSFY{background:var(--newCommunityTheme-field);background-size:200%;margin-bottom:16px;border-radius:4px}._2wgLWvNKnhoJX3DUVT_3F-{width:100%;height:46px} I've had some mashes that I had very little hope for turn out half decent after a stripping run and a finishing run, and then had them turn out even better after hanging out with some toasted oak for a few months. To attain a higher ABV, you can increase the amount of malt, sugar, or corn in your mash, lengthen the fermentation time, use distillation techniques such as stripping or refluxing, or use a column still as opposed to a pot still. Use this step-by-step guide to learn how you convert fermented wash into a high-proof spirit through a process known as distillation. 2.) I've never even heard of degassing a wash. For the third batch, we prepared live oyster shells and put them in the fermenter. The fermentation process will be harmed if the temperature rises above 91.4 degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius). Distiller's yeast is added according to the ratios indicated in the label. 2) Wash all surfaces and containers that will be used with hot sudsy water and rinse well with very hot water before use. The Joy of Home Distilling: The Ultimate Guide to Making Your Own Vodka, Whiskey, Rum, Brandy, Moonshine, and More, 6 gallons of fresh, filtered, and dechlorinated water, 1 package of turbo yeast, sufficient for 6.6 US gallons (25L), 8-gallon or larger primary fermenter with tight-fitting lid. How much water? You need a hydrometer. Alternative, use 6kg of sugar for fast fermenting taking . The best all round performer! To be safe, it is usually best to mix the distilled sugar wash with an appropriate mixer and enjoy responsibly. Google Search Hacks to Find Exactly What You Need. 5. just a few answers: a thick mash is probably the result of using a fine flour or not not filtering the grain efficiently. If you're fed up with waiting you can distill it as is but it's going to be hard to calculate cuts and expected yield without a before and after hydrometer reading. Record temperature and hydrometer reading. Just not very much. ._3-SW6hQX6gXK9G4FM74obr{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:16px;height:16px;font-size:16px;line-height:16px} I don't bother degassing, as soon as it hits the boiler and heats up, it'll degas on it's own. As a safety precaution, you can also place a small airlock on the lid of the fermenter and check if it has . If the temperature is too cool or too hot, or the sugar concentration is too high, these will both inhibit the metabolic processes of the yeast, preventing the bubbles from forming. Higher ambient temperatures can speed up fermentation and make the sugar wash ready for distillation sooner. At this point, the wash should have a slightly sweet and muted fruity taste. came back and poured again and it is but the bubbles are . Fermentation should begin within 24 hours and . In order to troubleshoot, you can start by measuring the pH and temperature of your wash and compare it to what is optimal for fermentation. Remove seeds (optional). 2.) if you wish, add a kraeusen to mop up the last few degrees of sugar at the end of fermentation, but raising the sugar content after primary fermentation isn't good for the yeast. In most cases a shredder/roller procedure is used, or sometimes a tahona . The Alcohol by Volume (ABV) of your moonshine mash will depend on a few factors, such as the ingredients you use, the process you use to make it, and the type of still you have. The bacteria convert ethanol into acetic acid, which gives the wine a sour, vinegary taste. Determine the rate of cellular respiration in beans by measuring oxygen consumed. When making all grain craft beer at home, pH was never much on an issue. Free tips and tricks on real food and preservation. how to tell when sugar wash is done fermenting. Once the wash cycle is complete, you should open the machine and remove the clothes, giving them a chance to air in the open. .LalRrQILNjt65y-p-QlWH{fill:var(--newRedditTheme-actionIcon);height:18px;width:18px}.LalRrQILNjt65y-p-QlWH rect{stroke:var(--newRedditTheme-metaText)}._3J2-xIxxxP9ISzeLWCOUVc{height:18px}.FyLpt0kIWG1bTDWZ8HIL1{margin-top:4px}._2ntJEAiwKXBGvxrJiqxx_2,._1SqBC7PQ5dMOdF0MhPIkA8{vertical-align:middle}._1SqBC7PQ5dMOdF0MhPIkA8{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}