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[18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Categories . Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Encyclopedias. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. Making of America. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia.