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WebThe slaves who remained on properties in South Carolina are counted on the South Carolina reports. In comparison, good Texas cotton land could be bought for as little as six dollars an acre. [50], Slavery was officially abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Most worked as house servants or on farms on the edges of towns, but others served as cooks and waiters in hotels, as teamsters or boatmen, or as coachmen and skilled artisans, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and barbers. By 1840 there were 11,323 enslaved people in Texas. Were there slaves in Dallas? Curious Texas investigates [5], Both the civil and religious authorities in Spanish Texas officially encouraged freeing enslaved people, but the laws were often ignored. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. When searching, pay close attention to other individuals with the same surname. White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. Texas 1867 Special Voter's Registration: includes information for 1867 - 1869. [22], By the 1800s, most enslaved people in Texas had been brought by slaveholders from the United States. Slavery may have thus hindered economic modernization in Texas. Slavery in Texas was not a matter of content, well-cared for servants as idealized in some views of the Old South. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. hb```f`` a B,@Q 2;8V31o``89N[5Qly$%Np s6,?d4/(qMT%GY &@J@LF!b.n;30g@, g`fgdE:%D,,,?Tgnvcz.8USc`~XL8;0hT]"t AMJ- In 1900, African Americans comprised 20% of the state's population of 3,048,710. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. In part this limited autonomy was given by the masters, and was taken by slaves in the slave quarters which provided them resilience to assert self-determination within the confine of bondage. Geni requires JavaScript! In fact, at the turn of the 18 th century, Marie Therese was one of the richest ladies in Louisiana. The slaves themselves, however, also insisted on family ties. Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1) B. Bandera ILester G. BugbeePolitical Science QuarterlyVol. [citation needed], In the 1870s, a system of legalized racial segregation and white supremacy was enforced. In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. FS Library976.4 D2rte Vol 1-3. [31], By 1850, the enslaved population in Texas had increased to 58,161; in 1860 there were 182,566 enslaved, 30 percent of the total population. United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 FamilySearch On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. Free blacks also emigrated to Texas. The history of slavery in Texas began slowly at first during the first few phases in Texas' history. [24], In 1845 the state legislature passed legislation further restricting the rights of free blacks. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. (re: Insurrection Scare in East Texas) "Smith County and Its Neighgors During the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860," by Donald Eugene Reynolds, PhD (born 1931), Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, outlawed the importation of enslaved people, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth, History of African Americans in San Antonio, "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States", "U.S. appeals court allows Texas to implement voter ID law", "Updated: Texas voter ID law allows gun licenses, not Student ID's", "Someone did not do their due diligence: How an attempt to review Texas' voter rolls turned into a debacle", Texas Terror: the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South, San Antonio de Bexar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier, Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in early Texas", Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Texas&oldid=1132265581, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. To find Freedmen's Bureau records: Visit the African American Freedmen's Bureau Records page to learn more about utilizing these records. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. [4] His account, along with those of the others, led to more extensive Spanish exploration of the new territory. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. Millions of Texans have rare diseases. Slave auction in Austin, Texas, circa 1850-1860. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. A large supply of cheap Mexican labor in the area made the purchase and care of a slave too expensive. Documenting Slavery in East Texas: Transcripts from Monte Verdi Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. House servants and craftsmen worked long hours, too, but their labor was not so burdensome physically. [46], Unlike in other Southern states, only a small number of enslaved Texans, estimated at 47, joined the Union Army. Cotton. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. In 1860, mass hysteria ensued after a series of fires erupted throughout the state. Meals often consisted of bread, molasses, sweet potatoes, hominy, and beef, chicken, and pork. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. But his response to me opens up a door for families generations of descendants of slaveholders and descendants of slave people to have open dialogue of this institution.. List of slave owners - Wikipedia 3536 Grand Avenue Sugar. Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. Neal Family Papers, 1816-1916 (F. Lewis/Archive Photos via Getty Images) W hen Americans think of the slave trade, they usually imagine ships pulling into East Coast harbors not Texan ones. African American Resources for Texas FamilySearch Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 18211865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. Black Slaveowners That Will Tear Apart Historical Perception The customs officers offered the enslaved people for auction, and Bowie would buy them back. Samuel King 3 7. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. A slave had a right to trial by jury and a court-appointed attorney when charged with a crime greater than petty larceny. Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. [8] A 1777 census of San Antonio showed a total of 2,060people, with 151 of African descent. This was 15 percent of the total 2,992 people living in Spanish Texas. Length of residence (in state, in county, in precinct), General Remarks--race is noted when the registrant was "colored". There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. Music and song served to set a pace for work and to express sorrow and hope (see AFRICAN-AMERICAN CHURCHES). Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. [17] At the same time, however, Mexico offered full citizenship to free blacks, including land ownership and other privileges. LEVI JORDAN HISTORY Levi Jordan arrived in Texas in 1848. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. [33], Many churches in Texas accepted enslaved people as members. These tensions came to a head in the Anahuac Disturbances. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. Economically, slave owners had a disproportionately large share of the state's wealth and produced virtually all of the cash crops. [24], Forty percent of Texas enslaved people lived on plantations along the Gulf Coast and in the East Texas river valleys, where they cultivated cotton, corn, and some sugar. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. And a rich woman with slaves of her own to boot. Many former enslaved people fought with the Cherokee against the Texan army that drove the tribe from East Texas in 1838. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. [58][failed verification]. Freedmans Savings and Trust Company signature cards or registers from 3 March 1865 to 25 July 1874 may list the name of the depositor, date of entry, age, birthplace, residence, complexion, name of employer or occupation, wife or husbands name, death information, childrens names, name of father and mother, brothers and sisters names, remarks, and signature. WebAnd for greater certainty I here give the names of the slaves mentioned and intended to pass to said children by this my 5th bequeath to the best of my resolution, to wit, 1 Scott 2 A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, After The Debates, Beto ORourkes Fundraising Slumped, While Julin Castros Jumped, Billionaire Ross Perot Remembered As Patriot, Family Man, Experts Say The Current Plastic Industry Boom Will Be A Bust In Five Years, News Roundup: New Initiative Aims To Register More Texans With Disabilities To Vote, San Antonio Migrant Resource Center Has Helped 30,000 Since March. [56] Those against this decision typically argue that it unfairly targets key Democratic constituencies such as minority groups and the elderly,[57] while proponents argue that the law's intention is to prevent voting by illegal immigrants. Handbook of Texas Online, [34] Unlike in most southern cities, the number of urban enslaved people in Texas grew throughout the 1850s. Houston, Texas 77004, African American Genealogical Interest Group Marr. The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. John Marshall (17551835), 4th Most slaves, however, supplemented their basic diet with sweet potatoes, garden vegetables, wild game, and fish and were thus adequately fed. 1 Introduction. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. It is a tough history and its a hard history and its a history that many Americans are not comfortable with, Berry says. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. The practice was common until its abolition in 1865 with the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. [44] WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia. Cannibalism, Interspecies War: A Novel About Neanderthals And Early Modern Humans, In a Central Texas county, high schoolers are jailed on felony charges for vaping what could be legal hemp, As Texas STAAR test goes fully online, teachers feel defeated, Texas Education Agency projects confidence. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only those enslaved in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner [table striped="true" "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. The General Provisions of the Constitution forbade any owner of enslaved people from freeing them without the consent of Congress and forbade Congress from making any law that restricted the slave trade or emancipated slaves. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke holds a rally at Scholz Garten in Austin. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) White society as a whole in antebellum Texas was dominated by its slaveholding minority. Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. Between 1816 and 1821, Louis-Michel Aury and Jean Lafitte smuggled enslaved people into the United States through Galveston Island. [23] By 1836, there were approximately 5,000 enslaved people in Texas. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." [9] Of these, only 15 were enslaved, 4males and 11females. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. Although slave marriages and families had no legal protections, the majority of slaves were reared and lived day to day in a family setting. By the end of 1845, when Texas joined the United States, the state was home to at least 30,000 enslaved people. During the war, slavery in Texas was little affected, and prices for enslaved people remained high until the last few months of the war. Gleaning Information about Enslaved Ancestors from Probate Files NGS Magazine 48 #2 (April-June 2022): 2327. Masters disciplined their slaves to get the labor they wanted, and yet had to avoid many problems of resistance such as running away and feigning illness. [33], Although most enslaved people lived in rural areas, more than 1000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. Yet, they did not live every day in helpless rage. [16] That year, the American Stephen F. Austin was granted permission by Mexican authorities to bring Anglo settlers into Texas. This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. They had no legally prescribed way to gain freedom. Federal Records that Help Identify Former Enslaved People WebThe British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. Many planters, however, lost part of their workforce temporarily to the Confederate Army, which impressed one-quarter of the enslaved on each plantation to construct defensive earthworks for the Texas coast and to drive military supply wagons. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bastrop County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Bexar County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Bosque County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Brazos County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Burleson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Caldwell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Cass County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Chambers County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cherokee County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Collin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cooke County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Dallas County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), DeWitt County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Ellis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Falls County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Fannin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Fayette County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Fort Bend County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Freestone County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Galveston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Gonzales County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Grayson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Guadalupe County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 1), Harris County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Harrison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 6, 1), Hays County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Hill County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Hopkins County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Houston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Johnson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Kaufman County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Lavaca County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Leon County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Madison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Marion County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Matagorda County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), McLennan County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Milam County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Montgomery County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0), Nacogdoches County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Navarro County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Nueces County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Panola County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Polk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Red River County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Rusk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Sabine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), San Augustine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Shelby County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 9, 3), Smith County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Tarrant County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Titus County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Travis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Tyler County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Upshur County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Walker County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Washington County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Wharton County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0). In 1829 the Guerrero decree conditionally abolished slavery throughout Mexican territories. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names Of course, because Texas did not consider itself part of the United States, Lincolns proclamation could have no effect until federal troops gained control of the state. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. As in other southern states, however, the enslaved people made Christianity their own and they developed strong religious faith. Slavery Days in Marion County [1] For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. [40] As early as 1836, Texas slaveholders sent representatives to Matamoros to try to reclaim their runaways, but Mexico refused. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. Others simply called their enslaved people indentured servants without legally changing their status. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. Despite the fact that Texas was a slave state, however, most Texans did not own slaves. The Comanche indiscriminately killed enslaved people and their white owners during raids. Texas Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton. Texas ranked 10th in total enslaved population and 9th in percentage enslaved (30 percent of all residents). These records often include full names, former masters and plantations, and current residences. 3 Vol. 0 In 1751, after three Frenchmen were found to have settled along the Trinity River to trade with the American Indians, the Spanish arrested and expelled them from the colony. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Texas, Slave Owners]] . Through wills and census reports found during family research, I have discovered a couple sets of ancestors who owned slaves. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. Disputes over slavery did not constitute an immediate cause of the Texas Revolution, but the institution was always in the background as what the noted Texas historian Eugene C. Barker called a "dull, organic ache." Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. 1850 - History - U.S. Census Bureau The census of 1850 reported 58,161 slaves, 27.4 percent of the 212,592 people in Texas, and the census of 1860 enumerated 182,566 slaves, 30.2 percent of the total population. WebJoseph Marryat (17571824), owned slaves in Grenada, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and Jamaica. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. Texas did not, however, employ techniques common in other Southern states such as complex voter registration rules and literacy tests; even the "white primary" was not implemented statewide until 1923.[53]. Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. Slavery spread over the eastern two-fifths of Texas by 1860 but flourished most vigorously along the rivers that provided rich soil and relatively inexpensive transportation. One result was the Turtle Bayou Resolutions, which were an explanation of the grievances that had led to the disturbances. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. The census for 1840 in Henderson County included 4,662 whites, 466 slaves, 35 free blacks. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Mrs. Mary C. Stirling/Sterling, Pointe Coupee (2), Louisiana: 338 slaves. Andrew Lyda 3 8. 5.4 Church Records. As news of emancipation spread across the state, a few owners angrily told their slaves to leave immediately, but most asked the freedmen, as they soon became known, to stay and work for wages. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). [26], The abolition of slavery created tensions between the Mexican government and slave-holding settlers from the United States. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. [18] Slaveholders trying to enter Mexico would force the people they enslaved to sign contracts claiming that they owed money and would work to pay the debt. They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. Every dollar helps. An excellent source is the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company (visit the African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records page to learn more). Officials and Employees [27] Other enslaved people joined the Texan forces, with some killed while fighting Mexican soldiers. History of slavery in Texas - Wikipedia Slave Owners 1800-1820, 1850-1860 Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was confronted with similar information about his ancestors this month, but had a different reaction. Married Elizabeth Towles 1803. The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. Most escapees joined friendly American Indian tribes, but others settled in the East Texas forests. About Slave Owners in Texas - Synonym FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. Slavery in Early Texas. [47] The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, in 1865. Through organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), African Americans continued to work to regain their ability to exercise their civil and voting rights as citizens. [41] See Underground Railroad South to Mexico. Once established as an economic institution, slavery became a key social institution as well. Before being brought to Texas, enslaved persons signed contracts with their masters by which they technically became free but, in return for their "freedom," agreed that they and their children would, in effect, be indentured to the master for life.